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dukkhavipākaṁ
dukkhavipaaka
accusative singular masculine of dukkhavipāka, a tatpurusa compound noun
- suffering-as-result
- ripened suffering
- the fruit of suffering
Built from
- du(r) — prefix · bad, hard
From the prefix du(r)-, meaning "bad" or "gone wrong", with cognates in Greek dys- (dysfunction). Conveys the sense of a state gone awry or difficult.
- kha — root · space, gap
The root kha relates to space or opening; in Pali dukkha (suffering) combines the sense of something cramped or blocked (gone wrong space), not clearly flowing or easy.
- vi — prefix · apart, asunder
The prefix vi- means "apart" or "asunder", suggesting clarity and distinctness. It often intensifies the clarity of a process or outcome.
- pāka — stem · ripening, fruit
The stem pāka comes from √pac (ripen, cook), denoting the mature result or fruit of a process. In vipaaka, it refers to the ripened result that manifests distinctly.
- aṁ — ending · accusative singular
The accusative singular ending -aṁ marks the compound as the direct object of a verb in this sentence, indicating the suffering-result as the goal or focus of the action.
Analysis. du(r)- + kha + vi- + pāka. A compound: dukkha (suffering, from dur- "gone wrong" + kha "space") joined with vipāka (result, from vi- "apart" + pāka "ripening"). The compound denotes suffering as the ripened outcome or result of past karma.
Etymology. vipaaka from vi- (apart, asunder — clarity of seeing) + √pac (ripen, cook), hence "ripening apart"; vipāka in Buddhist philosophy means the fruit of an action manifested distinctly. Dukkha from dur- (bad, gone wrong) + kha (space), the bad state or cramped condition; Latin durus "hard", Greek dys- (dystopia).