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dukkhena

dukkha

masc instr sg of dukkha (adj); nt instr sg of dukkha (adj); nt instr sg of dukkha (noun)

1. dukkha (adj): uncomfortable; unpleasant
2. dukkha (adj): painful
3. dukkha (nt): discomfort; suffering; unease; unpleasantness; something unsatisfactory; trouble; a bummer; stress
4. dukkha (nt): pain; physical discomfort
5. dukkhena (nt): with pain; with discomfort; with suffering
6. dukkhena (ind): painfully; difficultly; uncomfortably
7. dukkhena (ind): not easily; with difficulty

Built from

• du — prefix · bad, hard
  Negating prefix expressing excess and wrongness. Cognate: Greek dys- (dysfunction, dystopia), Sanskrit dus-.
• kkha — root · difficult to parse
  May derive from a nominal root meaning 'opening' or 'space', or be related to √khan 'to dig'. The exact etymology remains uncertain in the tradition.

Etymology. du- (prefix meaning bad, hard, gone wrong; cognate with Greek dys- in dysfunction, dystopia) + kha (difficult to parse; possibly related to √khan 'to dig' or a nominal element meaning 'space, opening'). The word appears to be a compound expressing the sense of 'bad opening' or 'hard passage', referring to the unsatisfactoriness of conditioned existence. The prefix du- directly echoes Sanskrit and Greek dys-.

Meanings from the Digital Pāḷi Dictionary; morphology and etymology by Claude.

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