‹ Back to the text

tumhepi

tumha

pronoun, nominative/accusative plural with emphatic particle

1. tumha (pron): you
2. tumhe (pron): you all
3. tumhe (pron): (object) you all
4. tumhepi (sandhi): even you all
5. tvaṃ (pron): you (subject)
6. tumhe (pron): (royal plural) you; lit. you all
7. tumhe (pron): (object) (royal plural) you; lit. you all

Built from

• tumhe — stem · you (all)
  Accusative plural of tumha; from PIE *tu- "you", cognate with Sanskrit tvam (singular subject), Latin tu, Greek su, English thou. The plural form expresses address to multiple persons.
• pi — prefix · even, also
  Enclitic emphatic particle, reduced form of api after a vowel-final word. Originally directional ("back, toward"), it came to mark emphasis or inclusion: "you and no others" or "you too".

Analysis. tumhe (accusative plural of tumha "you") + api (emphatic particle "even, also"); the sandhi contracts api to pi after the vowel-final tumhe.

Etymology. tumha is the Pali reflex of PIE *tu- "you" (compare Sanskrit tvam, Latin tu, Greek su, English thou). The emphatic particle api derives from PIE *op- "back, toward" (related to Sanskrit api, Latin ob-), originally "in return, back again", hence "also, even".

Meanings from the Digital Pāḷi Dictionary; morphology and etymology by Claude.

Lite mode — plain HTML for e-readers and old browsers. Full version