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dukkhadhammena

dukkhadhamma

nt instr sg of dukkhadhamma (noun); masc instr sg of dukkhadhamma (adj); nt instr sg of dukkhadhamma (adj)

1. uncomfortable phenomenon; painful experience; state of suffering
2. uncomfortable in nature; of unpleasant character

Built from

• du(r) — prefix · bad, hard
  Intensifying negation marking excess or going wrong; Greek dys- (dysfunction, dystopia).
• kkhá — stem · suffering, pain
  From an ancient root meaning 'to trouble' or 'press upon'; the Pali form is contracted from an older *sukha-: 'not easy'.
• dhamma — root · phenomenon, quality, dharma
  From √dhṛ 'to hold, place, establish'; what sustains or bears itself; in Buddhist doctrine, one of the five aggregates and fundamental constituents of reality.
• ena — ending · instrumental singular
  The instrumental case ending -ena marks the means, agency, or accompanying circumstance of the action or state described in the sentence.

Analysis. du(r)-kkhá + dhammá: 'bad-suffering' (difficult condition) + 'phenomenon/quality/dharma' (that which bears or sustains); the compound names suffering as a fundamental characteristic or mark of conditioned existence, especially in the doctrinal context of the three marks (tilakkhaṇa).

Etymology. du(r)- (bad, hard, gone wrong; Greek dys-, as in dysfunction) + kkhá (suffering, from PIE *skewd- 'to trouble'; cognate to Sanskrit duḥkha); dhamma (phenomenon, thing that bears or is established; from √dhṛ 'to hold, place', cognate to Latin firmus 'firm', Sanskrit dhāraṇa 'holding').

Meanings from the Digital Pāḷi Dictionary; morphology and etymology by Claude.

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