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dukkhasamudayoti
dukkhasamudaya
masculine nominative singular + iti (quotative particle)
- source of stress; arising of suffering; appearance of discomfort
Built from
- du — prefix · bad, hard
A negating prefix meaning 'gone wrong' or 'difficult'; cognate to Greek dys- (dysfunction, dystopia). Often carries the sense of excess or deterioration.
- kha — stem · ache, suffer
Derived from √suc; the -kha ending creates the abstract noun denoting suffering or pain.
- sam — prefix · together, completely
Prefixed to verbs and roots to show conjunction or totality; cognate to Latin con-, English same, Greek homo-. Here it intensifies the sense of gathering or accumulation.
- ud — prefix · up, out
Expresses upward and outward motion; cognate to English out and German aus. In compounds like samudaya, it adds the sense of emergence or rising into being.
- aya — ending · state, condition
A nominalizing suffix creating abstract nouns of state or process (like -ness in English). Here it makes 'arising' into a noun denoting the coming-into-being of suffering.
- ti — ending · thus, so
The quotative particle iti, frozen in form, marks this phrase as a cited formula or doctrinal statement in Buddhist texts.
Analysis. dukkhasamudaya (compound) + iti (quotative particle meaning 'thus, so'). The compound itself breaks as dukkha (suffering) + samudaya (arising, origin), a core doctrinal term denoting the second of the Four Noble Truths.
Etymology. dukkha < du- (bad, hard, gone wrong; cognate Greek dys- in dysfunction) + -kha (from √suc 'to ache, suffer'). samudaya < sam- (together, completely, as in Latin con-) + ud- (up, out; cognate English out) + √i (to go), literally 'going up together', the arising or accumulation of conditions. iti is a frozen quotative particle marking reported speech or doctrinal formulas.